3. The Lord's Day

14. The  Future  Cataclysm  Through  the  Eyes  of  the  Prophet

In the New Testament, the Lord Jesus Christ gives a fragmentary account of the great astronomical signs of the future, especially terrifying phenomena in the heavens and destructive earthquakes «in various places» (Luke 21:11). The prophet Isaiah, however, systematizes and records the totality of these mysterious catastrophic upheavals. 

 • A unique shaking of the heavens (Isaiah 13:13a), when «All the host of heaven» will fall, wither, and disappear (Isaiah 34:4; in other translations: "the lights," "the stars," "heavenly powers") – in the scientific interpretation of this imagery, meteor bodies.

• A rare megaseism of the lithosphere, during which «the earth will be shaken from its place» (Isaiah 13:13)—in the modern physical understanding, the planet will undergo large-scale changes in its geodynamic state: oscillations of the Earth’s crust, shifts of lithospheric plates, changes in the position of the geographic poles, and even slight changes in the parameters of the Earth’s rotation and its orbit;

• A global tectonic rift: the lithosphere will shake, crack, and spread out like land plowed by a gigantic plow. «The earth is utterly broken, the earth is split apart (crumbles, breaks apart), the earth is violently shaken (trembles)» (Isaiah 24:19; "it will spread out in different directions," translation [Ref. 24]).

• Powerful, relentless oscillations of the land. «The earth staggers like a drunken man, it sways like a hut» (Isaiah 24:20a);   

• Irreversible deformation of the relief. As a result of powerful oscillations, tectonic deformations, collapses, and landslides, mountains and hills will in places be permanently lowered. Our traveler, like a drunken man, «will fall, and will not rise again!» (Isaiah 24:20b). Then the prophet’s call will be fulfilled: «Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill be made low» (Isaiah 40:4), and the mountains will quake at His presence (Isaiah 64:1);

• Destruction of infrastructure. «The wasted city is left desolate; every house is shut up so that none can enter» (Isaiah 24:10; “the doors are blocked with rubble,” translation [Ref. 18]);

   • Worldwide "imprisonment" of the heavenly and earthly powers. The host of heaven and the earthly kings «will be gathered together as prisoners in a pit» (Isaiah 24:19–22; in other translations: "in a cellar," "in a pit," "in a trench," "in a prison");

   • Appearance of blood shed on the surface of the earth. «The earth will disclose the blood shed on it, and will no more cover its slain» (Isaiah 26:21, translation [Ref. 22]). From the context, it follows that this does not refer to the literal blood of people killed long ago; the earth, which normally conceals the dead in graves, will on that Day expose their bones (compare Jeremiah 8:1).     

 But what could the prophet have seen on the surface of the earth when describing it as one that would «disclose the blood shed on it»? Perhaps a blood-red liquid formed by the mixing of rainwater with the red dust of deserts and fine iron-bearing particles and products of their high-temperature oxidation, brought to the surface by atmospheric and impact ejecta. 

From what the prophet saw in the vision (1:1), he cries out in despair: «Terror (horror) and the pit (terrible pit) and the snare (trap, noose) are upon you, O inhabitant of the earth!» (Isaiah 24:17). At that moment, the one «who flees at the sound of the terror (horror) shall fall into the pit ("many will fall into pits," translation [Ref. 18]), and he who climbs out of the pit shall be caught in the snare (trap, net)» (verse 18).

It is worth noting that verses 17–18 contain a clear allusion to a traditional hunting method of the ancient Jews—hunting pits covered with camouflaged nets [Ref. 1, p. 583]. The inhabitants of the planet will unexpectedly fall into such traps (Psalm 141:7), as cracks and cavities will suddenly form beneath their feet, in places reaching tens of meters in width, hundreds of meters in depth, and several kilometers in length.

Into these chasms will slide trees, abandoned vehicles, bridges, abandoned houses, and entire city blocks; lakes will pour into them, and rivers will plunge into them; entire sections of land and ocean floor will collapse. In a wild dance, all four elements will clash: earth will mix with water, air with fire, and flames will engulf the land. A unique, seething mixture will arise, consisting of dust, ash, sand, rocks, hot blood-red rain, enormous hail, impenetrable darkness, and brilliant lightning.  

Lightning bolts are powerful electrical discharges in the atmosphere  (Fig.  4), which occur as a result of the accumulation and separation of  electrical charges. Their length may reach tens of kilometers, the  diameter of the luminous channel several centimeters, and their duration  a fraction of a second.

The energy of a single powerful lightning bolt can reach billions of  joules,  the electrical voltage hundreds of millions of volts, and the  electric current tens to hundreds of thousands of amperes.

The formation of a lightning channel occurs very rapidly: the stepped  leader propagates at speeds on the order of hundreds to thousands of  kilometers per second, while the return stroke travels significantly faster.

Lightning bolts are accompanied by a blinding flash of light and a loud sound impulse (thunder), which occurs as a result of the instantaneous heating of the air to about 30,000 °C and its explosive expansion. As the saying goes: "First comes the flash, then the crack, then the fright." Traditional atmospheric discharges will be intensified by discharges of the extreme class – "superbolts" (superbolts), whose current can reach 300–500 kA.

Grand-scale triboelectrification – that is, the electrification of particles during collisions and friction caused by the movement of ash, impact dust, and microdroplets of molten materials in the air – will create conditions for extraordinarily powerful electrostatic discharges. The atmosphere will become a gigantic generator, and millions of volcanic and impact lightning bolts will lace the sky, fusing the ground and leaving branching fulgurites on the rocks.

This is a scientific fact: lightning and thunder during a storm are produced by natural atmospheric processes, not by the mythological Zeus or Perun. However, according to the vision of the apostle John, the future grand atmospheric phenomena will accompany not an ordinary thunderstorm, but a catastrophic complex of atmospheric and geophysical phenomena unprecedented in intensity, whose culmination will be a megaseism of the lithosphere.  

«And there were flashes of lightning ("light," translation [Ref. 11]), rumblings (roaring sounds), peals of thunder, and a great earthquake (powerful, terrifying) such as there had never been since man was on the earth, so great was that earthquake» (Revelation 16:18; 8:5; 11:19).

Why, then, does the seer, when describing lightning, thunder, and a global upheaval, not mention the familiar storm clouds that accumulate electrical charge in the homosphere (for example, Jeremiah 10:13; Psalm 135:7)? This may mean that the phenomena referred to primarily concern blinding optical flashes and shock waves from the explosions of superbolides in the air, rather than merely the familiar natural atmospheric process. 

Does what has been said mean that there will be no actual storm clouds or corresponding electrical discharges on the Day of the LORD? Not at all. The electrical discharges will be extraordinarily intense, for the prophet saw: «And the angel took the censer and filled it with fire (burning coals) from the altar and threw it on the earth» (Revelation 8:5). 

Within the proposed physical reconstruction, thermal sublimation and vaporization of the material of this «censer» could cause excessive ionization and atmospheric loading with microparticles of free iron. Later, enormous quantities of highly electrified ash particles and water vapor will be added to it, massively ejected during global volcanism and the fall of the burning cosmic mountain into the sea (Revelation 8:8).  

As a result, numerous powerful lightning bolts may cover the sky like a gigantic luminous net, leaving molten traces in the soil and rocks at the points of impact in the form of fulgurites. These discharges will be accompanied by a trumpet-like rumble, fire, earthquakes, and blood-red rains (Revelation 8:7), and a mysteriously anomalous “«heavy (great) hail» will fall (11:19).

17. What  “Blood”  Is  Meant?

In one of the revelations, the apostle John saw a phenomenal natural effect – the simultaneous fall of fire, chunks of ice, and a mysterious red liquid onto the earth: «The first angel blew his trumpet, and there followed hail and fire, mixed with blood, and these were thrown upon the earth» (Revelation 8:7).

Within the context of the reconstruction proposed by the author, the seer in chapter 8 describes, in pre-scientific language, phenomena that can be interpreted as the fall of meteorites, bolides, and asteroids (“fire” in verse 7). Their flight, shaking the heavens with the trumpet-like rumble of shock waves, and their impacts will cause the subsequent formation of countless blocks of ice in the atmosphere (see §16).

Wait a moment. Where would the mysterious blood come from amid the unprecedented mixture of strange natural precipitation consisting of enormous hail and fire? And how can this be connected with the following sign: «a third of the sea became blood»? (Revelation 8:8).

The author of [Ref. 14] suggested: "The terrible hail will kill many living creatures – birds, animals, and even people – and a wind of incredible force will carry their blood and mix it with the hail. Thus, the hail will be red to some extent" (p. 105).

This version encounters a number of serious physical difficulties, as does the hypothesis that one-third of the ocean would turn red due to the mass death of marine animals struck by a meteor [Ref. 14, p. 106]. In the text of Revelation, the image of blood is likely connected with the biblical and cultural understanding of blood at that time:      

• It serves as a means of ritual purification (Leviticus 17:11; [Ref. 15, p. 127]);
  
  
• The biblical tradition also describes a supernatural transformation of water into blood; other substances may likewise be transformed, suddenly changing their color to red [Ref. 1, p. 567]. For example, in the case mentioned in the Book of Exodus (Shemot): «the water that you shall take from the Nile will become blood on the dry ground» (Exodus 4:9; "as soon as the water touches the ground, it will immediately turn into blood," translation [Ref. 18]).

But what exactly did the apostle John see? What liquid, poured out upon the nations on Yom Adonai (the Day of the LORD), does the prophet Zephaniah foretell? (Zephaniah 1:17). Another seer, in the same spirit, writes about the visit of the LORD (Isaiah 63:1–6): «I trampled down the peoples in my anger; I made them drunk in my wrath ("destroyed them," CUV’23, "crushed them," translation [Ref. 24]), and I poured out their lifeblood on the earth» (verse 6).

Hard as it is to imagine, if this imagery is understood literally, the blood of the people trampled on the earth will be poured out from above (Revelation 8:7; Ezekiel 32:6). Such bloody rain mixed with hail and fire will pour down as if from the womb of heaven, torn open by the red dragon (Revelation 12:3), ripped apart by the horns of the scarlet beast from the abyss (17:16).

A similar picture of the future of Egypt is foreseen by the Old Testament seer, conveying the direct speech of God. «I will drench the land even to the mountains with your flowing blood, and the ravines will be full of you» (Ezekiel 32:6; "I will pour your blood over the mountains; it will soak the whole land and fill the rivers with it," translation [Ref. 18]). Figuratively speaking, it will rush in streams from the mountains, fill the rivers, and flood the valleys.

Is there a scientific explanation for this mysterious and unique "bleeding" from the sky? If so, what substance could give atmospheric precipitation its characteristic blood-red color?      

18. Physicochemical  Process

Many cosmic bodies that reach the Earth as meteorites contain the chemical element Fe (iron), and in iron meteorites it is predominantly present in metallic form, as an alloy with nickel. The iron content varies greatly depending on the type of meteoritic material: iron meteorites may contain more than 90% Fe, whereas in stony meteorites, iron is largely incorporated into silicates and other minerals.

Unlike on Earth, where iron in nature is predominantly found in a bound state – as part of oxides (the red mineral hematite Fe₂O₃, magnetic magnetite Fe₃O₄, brown limonite 2Fe₂O₃ × 3H₂O, and other "iron ores") – in meteoritic material, a significant portion of it occurs in a free, native state.

The smallest meteoric bodies can lose up to 100% of their mass through ablation (the process of vaporization, melting, and mechanical fragmentation caused by friction with the air). Medium-sized bodies that reach the surface as meteorites, depending on their mass, velocity, and composition, can lose 50% to 90% or more of their initial mass during atmospheric entry.

Asteroids passing through the Earth’s atmosphere lose a much smaller fraction of their mass, but during an impact they may vaporize completely or almost completely. For an asteroid with a mass of 5 trillion tons, the potential amount of impact material that could enter the atmosphere in the form of vapor, primary impact dust, and atmospheric aerosols (particles ranging in size from 0.1 μm to 100 microns) can be estimated to be on the order of 0.5 to 5 trillion tons; a more precise value depends on the parameters of the impact event.

Thus, a colossal amount of fine meteoritic and impact material is produced. Hot water vapor, lifted into the air during the impact, condenses on these microparticles (particularly iron particles). In the presence of water and oxygen, intense redox reactions will occur, as a result of which reddish-brown iron oxides and oxyhydroxides may form.

This "rust" may color raindrops and hailstones of extraordinary size a crimson hue. Therefore, the apostle John sees that after the fall of the heavenly censer «there followed hail and fire, mixed with blood, and these were thrown upon the earth» (Revelation 8:7; Psalm 18:14).

From the pouring out of the second bowl, «it became like the blood of a corpse, and every living thing died that was in the sea» (Revelation 16:3). The red liquid will appear both above and below – exactly according to the LORD’s promise: «And I will show wonders ("omens", translation [Ref. 24] and the Synodal; "signs," translations CUV’23 and Ohiyenko) in the heavens and on the earth, blood and fire and columns of smoke» (Joel 3:30).

To ensure a correct understanding of the visions of the biblical prophets, it is necessary to explain the dual mechanism for the formation of the “blood-red waters”:
                
        1. Atmospheric: fine iron and other iron-bearing particles of meteoritic dust, interacting with water vapor and oxygen, may undergo oxidation, forming fine particles of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. Entering water droplets, they will give atmospheric precipitation a blood-red or reddish-brown color (Revelation 8:7).

      2. Biogeochemical: the deposition of trillions of tons of iron-rich dust into the ocean will cause local and regional “fertilization” of the waters with iron. This may lead to large-scale phytoplankton blooms, including, under favorable conditions, blooms of certain species of dinoflagellates, some of which are capable of producing toxic "red tides" . The water may turn into a turbid, poisonous, viscous liquid—figuratively speaking, «it became like the blood of a corpse» (Revelation 16:3); marine fauna will die out in such waters.

Why, then, does the New Testament seer insist that the water will not turn into ordinary blood, but into a distinctive form – «like the blood of a corpse»? As a result, «every living thing died that was in the sea» (Revelation 16:3), as well as in lakes and rivers, when the water became bitter (8:11) and foul-smelling (Exodus 7:17–18).

First, the surface of water bodies may acquire a dark-red color due to iron-bearing particles carried by atmospheric and dust-and-sand flows. Second, the liquid, made foul-smelling by the bodies of decomposed organisms, will become extremely turbid and laden with suspended particles – outwardly resembling the clotted blood of a corpse – due to the influx of trillions of tons of mineral dust, volcanic ash, and fine rock particles. Because of this precipitation, the rivers will flow slowly, like olive oil. 

From the acute lack of oxygen in this liquid rusty slurry, coastal aquatic organisms will suffocate. Another part of the marine organisms, described in Revelation as one-third, may die as a result of abnormally high temperatures, hydrodynamic shock waves, and sharp local and regional acidification following the fall of the mountain-like asteroid into the hydrosphere (Revelation 8:8–9). 

Thus, when the bloody downpour comes crashing down, the red and polluted waters of the seas, rivers, and springs will resemble «blood» (Revelation 8:8; 14:20; 16:3–4), and the earth will be saturated with it (Isaiah 26:21; Ezekiel 32:6). In this ritual symbol of life force and death, the ruins of cities will be engulfed, and then the prophecy of the Lord Jesus Christ will be completely fulfilled.   

«Therefore the present generation will be held responsible for the blood of all the prophets, shed from the foundation of the world» (Luke 11:50, translation [Ref. 22]; Isaiah 63:6). Truly, «all these things will come upon this generation» (Matthew 23:36; compare verse 35). 

19. The  Dominion  of  Darkness

What was over the abyss at the beginning, and what will emerge at the end? The key is found in the Old Testament prophets: "The Day of the LORD, which is often associated with the concept of darkness” [Ref. 21, p. 1254]. It is associated with it for very good reason.

Having suffered a powerful impact shock, the disfigured and bloodied Earth will rage like a fury, boil and darken with anger. Hot vapor will condense, the planet’s covering will become saturated with water, and solid black thunderclouds will move low, shielding the body of the trembling planet from the bombardment.

In the impenetrable darkness, thunderstorm flashes will blaze, stirred by countless lightning bolts, and thunder will roar ominously; a cosmic assault of meteor bodies will strike this heavy atmospheric shield. Resisting, the battered Earth will crush the chariots, in a surge of strength split the siege weapons, and the enemy’s shattered ranks will scatter – none can stop those who flee from the wrath of El Shaddai (Psalm 18:8–15).

The fervor of the hot "assault troops" – bolides that have broken through the Earth’s defenses – will cool; their former destructive power is gone. The siege weapons are destroyed, the chariots broken, the cavalry ground to dust; those who blasted the sky, wounded the sea, tore open the land, and shattered everything on the planet have been reduced to dust (Daniel 2:35). 

The iron rod will be broken – the empire of evil and the prison of nations; the great signs and deceptive wonders will vanish. After the active stage of the asteroid bombardment has ended, the heated atmosphere will gradually begin to lose the accumulated heat. This will occur through the radiation of energy into outer space and the gradual change in heat exchange with the oceans and land, as well as through a decrease in the incoming solar energy.

A decrease in air temperature to the "dew point,” at which the relative humidity reaches 100%, will cause massive condensation (in Latin, “thickening”) of the hot vapor. In other words, water vapor will massively transition into the liquid phase, forming cloud droplets.

David sees precisely this process in the mysterious theophany: «He made darkness around him his canopy (covering, curtain, shelter), thick clouds, a gathering of water» (2 Samuel 22:12; "He gathered the waters of the clouds into a storm cloud," translation [Ref. 18]). 

Through the intensive condensation of vapor in the troposphere, a continuous, thick cloud cover may form. A single black thundercloud will hang very low, as if the torn sky had descended upon the earth. The prophet sees: «and the heavens above be dark» (Jeremiah 4:28, in the Masoretic Text, "will turn black")). Below, the darkness will spread to the east and west, north and south, and it will not be possible to disperse it by hand.

According to calculations within the proposed model, for at least 6 weeks, the Sun, the Moon, and the stars may completely disappear from view. The prolonged eschatological period of the wrath of Yahweh is called by the prophet Zephaniah «a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and thick darkness (mist)» (Zephaniah 1:15). As the folk saying goes about a dark night: "The black cow will bellow, and swallow up the whole world."

The decrease in near-surface air temperature will occur against a background of almost complete optical opacity of the atmosphere (Τau ≫ 1). Thousands of gigatons of dust, soot, volcanic ash, and sulfate aerosols may form an extremely dense aerosol shield capable of blocking almost all direct solar radiation. 

After the initial infrared pulse from the incandescent heavens, a profound darkness will descend upon the Earth – a blackness that can physically be touched, «a darkness to be felt» (Exodus 10:21; Ezekiel 32:7–8; Isaiah 8:22; 5:30; 60:2; Amos 5:18; Revelation 16:10). The reduction of sunlight intensity below the "compensation point" for most plants will cause a sharp decline in photosynthetic productivity of the biosphere, severely limiting oxygen production.

For the inhabitants of the planet, this absolute darkness will cause severe sensory deprivation, panic, and total spatial disorientation. The darkness will become more than merely an astronomical absence of light: a dense aerosol shield will physically isolate the planet’s surface from solar radiation, while on land and in the World Ocean the last pockets of life will gradually fade away.     

20. Walpurgis  Night

The arrogant demand bright days, but Yahweh Elohim will turn them into one long, pitch-dark night (Jeremiah 13:15–16). The eschatological prophecy concerning the fate of Egypt, written in the terminology, concepts, and imagery of its time, will be fulfilled.

«When I blot you out (fade away), I will cover the heavens (hide) and make their stars dark (hide them in darkness); I will cover the sun with a cloud, and the moon shall not give its light (will not shine).

All the bright lights of heaven will I make dark over you (that shine, gleam), and put darkness on your land, declares the Lord God» (Ezekiel 32:7–8; the words in parentheses are clarifications from modern translations).

And not Egypt alone: wherever one looks, the whole world will be enveloped in a black shroud, much as the prophet Jonah was swallowed by a great fish for 3 days. As if in a nightmare, the planet, exhausted by cataclysms, will make its rotations not for three, but for 40 days, in complete isolation from sunlight, immersed in extreme impact darkness.

With a sharp decrease in illumination, human vision shifts into the scotopic (rod-mediated) mode, gradually losing color sensitivity and becoming achromatic. In the complete absence of light, the photoreceptors of the retina receive no photon signal, and the visual system perceives the surrounding environment as absolute darkness.

For ancient people, this was not merely the physical absence of a light signal, but a real, tangible effect. "Not knowing that the eye merely reflects light, the ancients believed that eyes were capable of illuminating objects. Therefore, darkness was regarded not simply as the absence of light, but also as a force that suppressed a person’s ability to see" [Ref. 1, p. 582]. They perceived darkness as an active, ominous substance.

Those who survive the Day of the LORD will «look to the earth (look upward, look to the earth), but behold, distress and darkness (trouble and oppression), the gloom of anguish (sorrow and suffering). And they will be thrust into thick darkness» (Isaiah 8:22, 5:30, see also Amos 5:20).

Cast into the blackness of night, blinded by a terrifying storm, people will find themselves dependent on the condition of the trembling raped Earth-victim. She shudders and is illuminated only by flashes of lightning (Job 26:11) and the glow of volcanic eruptions. The afflicted will remain in impenetrable darkness, deafened by thunder above and the roar of the sea abyss below (Psalm 77:17–19), when the abyss raises its waves high (Habakkuk 3:10), flooding almost all the dry land with seawater.           

 

  The future darkness was revealed to the apostle John: «The fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness» (Revelation 16:10).

Apocryphal texts confirm: "darkness and gloom will come, and clothe and envelop the whole world" (Apocalypse of Peter 5:1–5). The navi Yeshaya foresees the theophany at a time of complete absence of light, when «darkness shall cover the earth, and thick darkness the peoples» (Isaiah 60:2).

Therefore, the navi Amos warns those who live in the last days: «Is not the day of the Lord darkness, and not light, and gloom with no brightness in it?» (Amos 5:20; “Thus the Day of the LORD will turn into gloom for you, and not into the long-awaited light. For you it will be impenetrable darkness!” translation [Ref. 24]).

21. Unusual  Downpours

The raped and pregnant Earth weeps bitter, salty tears and will roar with hot rains. Rouge, powder, and mascara will run down her cheeks, because reddened water from the oceans, seas, and rivers returns in the form of abundant precipitation—along with yellow and red desert dust, black soot from burned forests, gray volcanic ash, and the white dust of city ruins.

For a long time, the inconsolable Earth will weep over her unhappy fate, sending lightning and thunder of curses through the darkness at her tormentors. Red, black, yellow, white tears will pour and pour... For throughout the entire lower atmosphere, the continuous physical process of condensation of vapor on particles of dust, ash, and soot will promote the formation of downpours extraordinary in scale and intensity.

A thick, dark liquid pours down with a deafening roar, as if a black dam in the heavens had burst and extraordinary floodgates of the sky had opened: hot, colored, acidic. Hot – because of the high temperature of the surrounding air and the considerable store of heat in the atmosphere. Precipitation – red, yellow, black, white – due to iron oxides, soot, ash, volcanic ash, and white mineral dust from carbonate rocks. Acidic (pH ≈ 4.0 ... 5.0) – mainly because of oxides of: 1) sulfur; 2) nitrogen.

Toxic sulfur oxides will enter the troposphere primarily through volcanic emissions, products of the combustion of sulfur-containing compounds, and the thermal decomposition of sulfate rocks – anhydrite and gypsum. Nitrogen oxides will form during high-temperature processes: fires, lightning, and thermal explosions, particularly during asteroid impacts.

Some of the sulfur and nitrogen oxides, undergoing further oxidation reactions in the atmosphere involving oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, will form vapors of sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ and nitric acid HNO₃. These vapors and their precursors will condense and dissolve in water droplets and on the surfaces of aerosol particles.

Hot acidic rains will occur, with an initial temperature of more than 50 °C, according to the model estimate. Catastrophic acidification of fresh waters will occur – those that have not yet mixed with seawater, which has flooded almost all the dry land.

Such an acidic, bitter-tasting liquid is lethal when consumed by humans as well as by many animals, plants, and microorganisms. For example, at pH ≈ 4.5, conditions become lethal for many species of fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates.   

Acidic precipitation will destroy the leaves on the trees that survive the fire. Moreover, according to the vision of the apostle John: «many people died from the water, because it had been made bitter» (Revelation 8:11).

The air will also become contaminated with toxic sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon compounds, including sulfur oxides (SO₂, SO₃) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and other products of high-temperature reactions and global fires. In the presence of chlorine-containing rocks, chlorine-containing gases and aerosols may also enter the atmosphere, from which hydrochloric acid (HCl) will form. Alongside these, aerosols of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other acids will accumulate. 

Darkness and a wild, thunderous downpour with hail (Ezekiel 38:22; Isaiah 28:17), "flooding the earth" (Sibylline Oracles 3:690), will continue without interruption for approximately 40 days – according to the author’s calculations, roughly the amount of time that may be required for significant cooling of the troposphere. As the temperature decreases, the water-vapor-saturated air will lose its ability to retain the previous amount of vapor, and its excess will therefore continuously condense.  

Given its global character and tragic consequences, the Lord compares this event with the global Flood that occurred nearly 12,000 years ago.   

«Just as it was in the days of Noah, so will it be in the days of the Son of Man ... and the flood came and destroyed them all» (Luke 17:26–27). The psalmist describes torrential rainfall: «Deep calls to deep at the roar of your waterfalls» (Psalm 42:7; Job 22:11), and describes «deep mire» (Psalm 69:2).      

In the last days of the existence of this generation, rain will pour down with hail, rivers will overflow widely, hurricane-force winds will blow, and they will crash down upon the houses of the complacent, indifferent to the warnings of Jesus Christ. All the buildings will collapse because they were built on sand,  their fall will be great (Matthew 7:27) and accompanied by a terrible roar.   

Whoever has ears to hear – let him strike while the iron is hot! 

22. Why  Will  the  Heavens  Become  Copper  and  the  Ground  Iron? 

After the completion of the active phase of the cataclysm, the planet will fall silent, according to Scripture: «From the heavens you uttered judgment; the earth feared and was still» (Psalm 76:8, ("falls silent from terror," translation CUV’23; see also verse 75:3).

After 40 days, the continuous darkness that can be physically felt by touch (Exodus 10:21), the thick darkness (Isaiah 8:22), will dissipate, and the first rays of light will break through to the surface. Yet the air clouded by dust will not become transparent, the deep salt marshes – tiny, and the color of the sky – blue.

After the prolonged rain, new “clouds” will reveal themselves, and for a long time «the sun and the light and the moon and the stars» will be darkened (Ecclesiastes 12:2). They will remain darkened for 3.5 years – a period corresponding to half of the final seven-year period (Daniel 9:27) and approximately consistent with the long persistence of stratospheric aerosols. Day will merge with night, and morning with evening; then you will «rise up at the sound (cry) of a bird» (Ecclesiastes 12:4).

Due to cosmic dust present in the atmosphere, as well as sulfate aerosols, soot, smoke, volcanic tephra, and sea salt lofted into it, solar insolation at the surface may decrease by approximately 1/3, corresponding to the ratio described in the prophecy: «...a third of the day might be kept from shining, and likewise a third of the night» (Revelation 8:12; compare Jeremiah 4:23).

Such a gloomy fragment of the eschatological picture was recorded by Zechariah, as well as by Jeremiah. «I looked on the earth, and behold, it was without form and void ("nothing living remained," translation [Ref. 18]); and to the heavens, and they had no light» (Jeremiah 4:23).

The planet will appear devastated, desolate, black and white; neither the grass destroyed by fire nor the trees will be visible; a third of them will have burned, while the others will be stripped bare, broken, fallen, and torn out by the roots; and the arable land will be flooded with saltwater and acidic water. Moreover, the familiar daylight will disappear (verse 23b).

«On that day there shall be no light … neither day nor night, but at evening time there shall be (will appear) light» (Zechariah 14:6–7; "toward evening it will become light," translation CUV’23). Indeed, on Yom Yahweh (verse 1), there will be something in between – neither day nor night.

This twilight effect will arise from a radical change in the optical properties of the atmosphere. Instead of Rayleigh scattering, which makes the sky blue, light scattering by aerosol particles according to the Mie mechanism (Mie scattering) will predominate in the dust-laden air.

The short-wave, particularly blue, part of the solar spectrum will be more strongly scattered and partially absorbed by aerosols, whereas long-wave radiation will penetrate relatively better to the surface. The sky will acquire a metallic copper hue, and toward evening – a crimson hue [Ref. 12].

Below, the hard, salt-laden, dirty dry land will be covered with ash, soot, meteorite fragments, and iron-bearing spherulites from impact and volcanic ejecta. The prophecy will be fulfilled: «And the heavens over your head shall be bronze (copper), and the earth under you shall be iron» (Deuteronomy 28:23). In ancient times, iron was an embodiment of hardness [Ref. 3], and people learned to work meteoritic iron long before the development of iron metallurgy, using various methods of mechanical processing [Ref. 15, p. 25].    

The earth will also become "iron" through a combination of geochemical processes: finely dispersed volcanic ash and impact dust will mix with water, acidic precipitation, salts, and fragments of carbonate and silicate rocks; dissolution, hydration, oxidation of iron, precipitation of newly formed minerals, and the pozzolanic reaction will take place – the interaction of reactive silica with calcium hydroxides and other calcium-containing phases in the presence of water.

Mudflows (lahars) and ash layers will gradually compact and cement, forming a thick, low-permeability stony-mineral crust. Under the "copper" sky, this concrete-like ground will become "iron" (Deuteronomy 28:23), rendering it unsuitable for agriculture.     

23. Catastrophic  Climate  Change

The prophet Zechariah foresees the Day of the LORD as a time of large-scale and catastrophic changes in meteorological conditions (Zechariah 14:6–7). The authors of [Ref. 17] make the same claim: "during the years of the great tribulation, drastic climate changes will occur on the earth" (p. 569).

The gaseous and aerosol composition of the atmosphere will change radically. Acid precipitation, the influx of acidic impact products, and the dissolution of carbon dioxide will lead to severe acidification of the upper layers of the pelagic zone.

The directions and parameters of the major atmospheric and oceanic circulations will become destabilized, including atmospheric jet streams, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), of which the Gulf Stream is a part, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

The predicted eschatological darkness will descend upon the planet: «On that day there shall be no light» (Zechariah 14:6). In the Masoretic Text, this passage records the state as: "there shall be no light; cold and frost,” while textual variants render it as "there will be cold and a thickening of the air," translation [Ref. 16]. The familiar insolation will disappear for a long time, giving way to a twilight state – «neither day nor night» (Zechariah 14:7). 

The cause of this global blackout will be continuous dust and sandstorms from regional desert expanses, as well as an extreme concentration of stratospheric aerosols, primarily sulfate aerosols formed from SO₂ and containing sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Sulfate fog in the stratosphere reflects and scatters solar radiation extremely effectively, remaining suspended for significantly longer than large particles of dust and volcanic ash.

According to the author’s estimates, after the initial short-term warming of the atmosphere, the near-surface air temperature will rapidly fall compared with the norm before the impact cataclysm: by 30 °C ... 40 °C in the Northern Hemisphere and by 15 °C ... 20 °C in the Southern Hemisphere. The surface of the World Ocean will cool by 5 °C ... 10 °C.

The warning will be fully realized: "The wise will flee from the northern lands before the judgment comes upon them (Zechariah 2:6)"[Ref. 1, p. 1051], for wherever extreme cold prevails, famine will inevitably follow.

According to the proposed model, three severe, anomalously long "asteroid winters" can be expected on the planet, collectively covering most of the 3.5-year period of the Great Tribulation; the second will be the most critical. “Three asteroid winters” is not a category borrowed from the scientific literature, but a term and an element of the author’s model. The approximate duration of these cold periods is linked to biblical chronology and at the same time has a physical analogy with the multiyear impact cooling known from models of the Chicxulub impact.

In some continental regions, air temperatures may drop to –50 °C and below, while soil freezing may extend to a very considerable depth. Areas that had previously never been covered by ice, particularly along the coastal zones of North America and Europe, will become covered with sea ice. The area of the ice cover that exists today, particularly in frozen bays, will increase severalfold, especially in Canada.

Frozen water may appear even within the tropics; at the equator, prolonged cooling will set in, accompanied by anomalous pinkish acidic snow, colored by finely dispersed iron oxides and iron-bearing dust from deserts. Over a large part of Europe, a thick snow and ice cover may form. Nevertheless, for those who survive in underground shelters, “hardship and famine will drive them out into the cold."   

Global cooling, potentially extending to glaciation of the surfaces of many continents, will be counteracted by the opposite process – the gradual increase in temperature of the lower atmosphere due to an intensification of the greenhouse effect. As the aerosol shield is destroyed, the effects of the accumulation of enormous quantities of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, H₂O) released during impacts and the associated shock and thermal processes, global fires, and volcanism will begin to manifest themselves in the atmosphere.

The power of the solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is approximately 1.8 × 10¹⁷ W, with a solar irradiance of about 1361 W/m²; the globally averaged incoming solar energy is about 340 W/m² (or ≈ 1.22 MJ/h·m²).

When the global aerosol screen finally dissipates and short-wave solar radiation once again reaches the Earth’s surface, its rapid warming will begin. This process will also be aided by the high concentration of greenhouse gases accumulated during fires, volcanism, and the decomposition of methane hydrates. 

Greenhouse gases will absorb part of the Earth’s infrared radiation and reduce the effective outflow of heat into space. In the proposed model, these factors, after approximately 3.5 years, may transform the asteroid winter into an asteroid summer—a phase of global thermal overheating.    

24. Climate-Active  Atmospheric  Gases

A significant role in the greenhouse effect will be played by such atmospheric gases as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and ozone (O₃), which will begin to exert their effects soon after the atmosphere has partially self-cleared of soot, ash, dust, and sulfate aerosols.

Water vapor and the aforementioned oxides, formed as a result of large-scale fires, impact explosions, and volcanic eruptions, will trap the Earth’s long-wave infrared radiation. Over a 100-year time horizon, the global warming potential of methane was previously estimated at approximately 23 times that of CO₂; current estimates give approximately 27–30 times.

Significant amounts of methane and carbon dioxide may also be released as a result of the thermal decomposition and degassing of gas hydrates in the bottom sediments of the World Ocean and permafrost soils, as well as from wetland ecosystems and carbonate rocks. They will absorb the Earth’s long-wave infrared radiation, reducing its effective thermal radiation into space.

Ozone molecules (O₃) will form, among other processes, under the influence of high-voltage lightning discharges in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Ozone, like the other aforementioned gases, also absorbs a considerable portion of short-wave ultraviolet radiation quite intensively.

Conversely, approximately 93–95% of all solar radiation energy reaching the top of the Earth’s atmosphere falls within the visible and near-infrared ranges, with wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 2.5 μm. The Earth’s surface and atmosphere, in turn, emit thermal energy predominantly in the mid- and far-infrared ranges, at wavelengths of approximately 4–15 μm and 15–100+ μm, respectively.

Therefore, the atmosphere will become a kind of thermal insulation layer that will reduce heat loss into space. At the same time, greenhouse gases will reduce the effective outflow of the Earth’s infrared thermal radiation into space, while sulfate aerosols will primarily weaken the incoming solar energy reaching its surface.

The extreme cooling of the first years after the catastrophe will be followed by gradual global warming, which will become particularly noticeable in regions that, after the model-predicted shift of the geographic poles, will find themselves closer to the new tropical belts.   

Therefore, the atmosphere will become a kind of thermal insulation layer that will reduce heat loss into space. Greenhouse gases will reduce the effective outflow of the Earth’s infrared thermal radiation into space, while sulfate aerosols will primarily weaken the incoming solar energy reaching its surface.  

The extreme cooling of the first years after the catastrophe will be followed by gradual global warming, which will become particularly noticeable in regions that, after the model-predicted shift of the geographic poles, will find themselves closer to the new tropical belts.

In the proposed model, the geographic poles of the Earth will shift by approximately 15° [Ref. 12], and accordingly, the notional lines of the equator, polar circles, and tropics will also shift. This will lead to a significant restructuring of the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of temperature. Global warming will set in, becoming particularly noticeable in northern Eurasia, southern South America, and parts of Antarctica.

In the northern part of the Eastern Hemisphere and in the south of the Western Hemisphere, winters will become milder and shorter, while summers will become hotter and longer. Conversely, in the new subpolar regions, winters will become much colder, particularly in parts of Canada (if the North Pole shifts into the waters of Baffin Bay), Greenland, and the northeastern United States. It will also become colder in southern Australia, toward which the South Pole will shift.

By contrast, the average air temperature in many other regions, according to the author’s estimates, will rise by 10 °C ... 15 °C or more compared with the current norm. Vegetation that survives the fires will dry out as a result of prolonged drought, which in many regions may be caused by a sharp change in the precipitation regime. The climate on the planet will become significantly warmer, but the distribution of this warmth will be highly uneven.

25. Why  Will  the  Heavens  Become  Iron  and  the  Ground  Copper?

The low transparency of the atmosphere, that is, the "global dimming" (Fig. 6), caused by a high concentration of dust, smoke, soot, ash, and other aerosols, will significantly reduce the intensity of evaporation from the surface of the World Ocean.
 

During a significant part of the 3.5-year period, the natural water cycle  will be severely disrupted; the cold land surface will suffer from severe  drought.

Severe drought will be accompanied by prolonged, continuous fallout of  the finest particles from the atmosphere, including dense ashfalls that  may continue for 6 months (and longer). As recorded in Holy  Scripture:

«The Lord will make the rain of your land powder. From   heaven  dust (dust, sand) shall come down on you ("until you  suffocate"), until you are destroyed» (Deuteronomy 28:24; literally, "the Lord will turn the rain of your land into dust and powder," translation [Ref. 18]). 

The unique precipitation will also contain microparticles of meteoritic material and pulverized impact rocks, colored rust-red by iron oxides (Fe₂O₃). This copper-colored dust, red desert dust, volcanic ash, and sea salt will cover the soil surface and the remains of vegetation, completely destroying what people will attempt to sow (Deuteronomy 28:42). 

There are no plants to provide shade from the scorching sun, nor wood to provide warmth on a frosty night. There is no rain, only ash falling continuously on those who survived the natural disasters and wander in the semidarkness.

Aerosols are disperse systems in which fine solid or liquid particles are suspended in a gaseous medium. Their properties and lifetime depend on particle size, altitude, atmospheric circulation, humidity, and the mechanisms of coagulation and deposition. The average lifetime of tropospheric aerosols usually ranges from several days to several weeks, whereas stratospheric aerosols following major eruptions or emissions may persist from many months to several years.

As the large aggregates (clusters) coagulate and settle and the concentration of suspended particles decreases, the sky will gradually lose its metallic copper color. Its hue will change depending on the composition and concentration of aerosols, and after the atmosphere has undergone substantial self-cleaning, Rayleigh scattering will once again give the sky its natural blue color.

A pale-yellow, cloudless, scorching vault overhead, filled with finely dispersed iron-bearing mineral dust and yielding not a single drop of rain, and a bare, copper-colored dry land below—such will be the fate of those who destroyed the planet. They will pass through fire, water, and copper pipes. Thus the Old Testament prophecy will be fulfilled: 

«i will break the pride (arrogance) of your power, and I will make your heavens like iron (there will be no rain) and your earth like bronze (dry and hard)» (Leviticus 26:19, parenthetical translation [Ref. 24]).  

Thus, the warning in Deuteronomy 28:23 (see §22) does not contradict the prophecy in Leviticus 26:19 in §25 in the slightest, as it may seem at first glance.

In the author’s proposed model, these prophetic verses can be correlated with different dynamic stages of the Great Tribulation. The initial phase, "asteroid winter," is characterized by a copper-colored sky caused by sulfates and iron-saturated ground that is frozen. The subsequent phase, "asteroid summer," is characterized by an iron-colored sky caused by airborne dust and dry, scorched ground covered with copper-colored dust.        

26. The  Face  of  Creation  Will  Become  Unrecognizable

As a result of the cosmic catastrophe, the familiar appearance of the starry sky, the relief and topography of the surface will change significantly for an observer on Earth, including the locations of springs, rivers, and seas (Psalm 102:26–27; Isaiah 65:17).

"Although the earth is not destroyed, such changes will take place on it that it will become simply unrecognizable. Mountains will be moved from their places, and some will disappear altogether; others will appear, and still others will change shape. New islands will appear, while others will disappear. All this will be accompanied by terrifying volcanic eruptions" [Ref. 19, p. 379].

The mega-, macro-, meso-, and microrelief of the devastated land, ocean and sea floors, coastlines, and islands will change dramatically. On all continents, the regional geomorphology of the terrain will be transformed, and the modern appearance of many landscapes will be lost. The prophet Yeshaya shares a fragment of an eschatological vision (Isaiah 1:1), particularly of the new Eretz Yisrael, understandably expressed in pre-scientific language.

«Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill be made low; the uneven ground shall become level, and the rough places (uneven paths shall be made smooth) a plain» (Isaiah 40:4; in the Masoretic Text, "Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low, and the steep places shall become a plain and the mountain range a valley"; see also Micah 1:4).

Thus, the steep places have become a plain (Zechariah 14:10), for the mountains and hills have been flattened, «It is changed like clay under the seal» (Job 38:14). A great global megathrust earthquake will destroy the deserted cities (Isaiah 24:10; Zephaniah 3:6; Revelation 16:19), lower the mountains (Ezekiel 38:20; Habakkuk 3:6; Revelation 16:20), and move the islands from their places (Revelation 6:14; 16:20). 

The former springs, lakes, and rivers will disappear; instead, new aquatic-landscape systems will emerge (Isaiah 19:5–7; 41:18; 42:15; Ezekiel 30:12; Psalm 107:33–35). The planet will be covered with deep depressions, craters, and extensive tectonic faults; it will undergo devastation (Isaiah 24:17–22; 51:6; Jeremiah 25:32–38), and its vegetation cover will burn up (Revelation 8:7; Joel 1:19).   

These natural disasters will become «a day of distress and anguish, a day of ruin and devastation» (Zephaniah 1:15; “a day of terrible calamities and destructions,” translation [Ref. 18]). On the barren soil, covered with a meter-thick layer of ash and saturated with salt, no grass will grow, while on the deeply frozen ground even many of the trees that survived the fire will perish. It will be impossible to recognize the appearance of the wounded, devastated, and partially submerged dry land.  

As foretold by the prophet: «Behold, the Lord will empty the earth and make it desolate (destroying), and he will twist its surface (appearance) and scatter its inhabitants» (Isaiah 24:1–6).

«Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look at the earth beneath; for the heavens vanish like smoke (scatter, disperse), the earth will wear out like a garment (fall into decay), and they who dwell in it will die in like manner (perish) …» (Isaiah 51:6; compare Job 9:5–6).

The unprecedented darkness and the "disappearance" of the familiar celestial vault will create extremely unusual conditions for observing celestial bodies; it will be impossible to distinguish one time of day from another – the state of «neither day nor night» will prevail (Zechariah 14:7). "The cessation of the operation of the indicators of time means that incredible cataclysms will occur in nature, which will turn the whole world upside down" [Ref. 15, p. 940]. 

The state of «neither day nor night» will arise from a reduction in the intensity of direct solar radiation and the scattering of light in the homosphere, densely filled with dust, ash, soot, and sulfate aerosols [Ref. 12]. Across the planet, twilight darkness will prevail during the day (Isaiah 60:2), while at night, conversely, there will be light (Amos 5:8).

In the latter case, complete nighttime darkness may be weakened by the multiple scattering of sunlight in the powerful stratospheric aerosol layer by atmospheric particles, including ice, chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, and so on. Some of the light scattered in the atmosphere over the sunlit part of the planet will also reach the shadowed region on Earth, creating a faint illumination of the night sky.  

This effect can be described as diffuse illumination due to “stratospheric aerosol scattering." This high-altitude aerosol shield will redirect part of the sunlight from the illuminated side of the Earth to its shadowed sector.

In addition to the disappearance of the familiar light and the absence of any distinction between day and night, the prophets Zechariah and Joel see neither the sun during the day nor the moon and stars at night (Zechariah 14:6; Joel 3:15).                  

27. Easier  to  Bury  Than  to  Feed

 As a result of the planet’s abrupt climate change, severe prolonged drought and fierce mass famine (Fig. 7) will engulf the remaining inhabitants. According to the prophecy:

«The fields are destroyed, the ground mourns (“In ashes are the fields, in ash the ground” [Ref. 24]), because the grain is destroyed (grain, crops), the wine dries up (young grapes), the oil languishes (olive tree)» (Joel 1:10 and following).

«The seed shrivels under the clods (of earth; “We sowed grain, but it dried up under the ground. Our plants dried up and died,” translation [Ref. 18]); the storehouses are desolate (barns); the granaries are torn down because the grain has dried up» (Joel 1:17 and following; Deuteronomy 28:48–57).

The surviving population will die in semidarkness from extreme exhaustion of the body (cachexia), including dehydration, hypothermia, injuries, and systemic diseases, without ever seeing the sun, moon, or stars. Death will ride on a horse, pale as the pale yellow-green sky (Revelation 6:8), and behind it will creep widespread famine, cachexia, and merciless epidemics.

Those who destroyed the planet themselves will be afflicted by «then the Lord will bring on you and your offspring extraordinary afflictions, afflictions severe and lasting (constant), and sicknesses grievous (evil) and lasting» (Deuteronomy 28:59–61). John sees severe somatic afflictions: «harmful and painful (horrible, harsh) sores came upon the people» (Revelation 16:2).  

Exhausted by malnutrition (Job 18:12; Lamentations 4:9), tormented by extreme temperature fluctuations (Zechariah 14:6; Revelation 16:9), poisoned by toxic bitter water (8:11), buried under dust, powder, and ash instead of heavenly manna (Deuteronomy 28:24), people will go mad with grief and suffer from severe depression (Psalm 38:4–11). They will hide in tectonic fissures of rocks and in burrows (Isaiah 2:19), like reptiles (Micah 7:17).  

However, God’s righteous wrath has its limits; otherwise, not a single creature on the planet would survive (Isaiah 57:16). That is why Jesus Christ speaks about the Great Tribulation in this way: «And if the Lord had not cut short the days, no human being would be saved» (Mark 13:20). The Lord Himself will break the yoke, the rod, and the staff of the oppressor, as happened on the night of the defeat of the Midianites by Gideon (Isaiah 9:4; Judges 7:19–21).  

"Even in misfortune, there is some good". Three and a half years after the beginning of the cataclysm, atmospheric transparency will begin to recover noticeably due to gravitational sedimentation and wet washout of dust, soot, volcanic ash, sulfates, and other aerosols. Water from the World Ocean will once again evaporate intensively, its vapor will condense into clouds, and life-giving rains will pour down upon the earth, «as before» (Joel 2:23).

The air will finally become completely self-cleaned, as the concentration of stratospheric aerosols decreases significantly already during the first six months of intensive washout [Ref. 13]. Subsequently, the atmosphere will stabilize, the global natural water cycle will gradually recover, and the macroclimate will begin to even out. Arable land will once again become productive, and full-flowing rivers will flow from Jerusalem (Amos 9:13–14; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 4:17–18).

The merciful Creator will restore harmony between the new starry heavens and the new flourishing planet (Isaiah 66:22; Hosea 2:21–22). The moon will shine brightly again, «and the light of the sun will be sevenfold, as the light of seven days» (Isaiah 30:26)—in contrast to its dim glow in the twilight of the mournful days of the Great Tribulation.

All nations will begin to worship the true Son of God. «And the Lord will be king over all the earth. On that day the Lord will be one and his name one» (Zechariah 14:9; Micah 4:6–7; Revelation 11:15). 

Whoever has eyes will see, whoever has ears will hear, and whoever looks to Wisdom will understand. 
      

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