«But the day of the  Lord will  come like a thief, and  then 
the heavens will pass away with a roar, and the  heavenly
 bodies will be burned up and dissolved, and the earth and 
the works that are done on it will be exposed»
(2 Peter 3:10)

      The destruction of a godless civilization is referred to in the Old Testament as the "Day of the Lord," and in the New Testament as the "Great Tribulation." The Bible reveals the tragic consequences of a future large-scale catastrophe characterized by a cascading mechanism of development. Prophecies concerning natural disasters and the end of the world are fragmentarily contained in many prophetic books, being united into a single whole by the futuristic work The Revelation of John.

Let us consider the principal stages of an extraordinary impact cataclysm – the possible collision of our planet with a meteoroid-asteroid stream from deep space surrounding a dwarf planet. We shall examine this subject in the context of ancient biblical prophecies, elucidating their meaning and refining it with the aid of modern scientific knowledge, which points to the following established facts.

Fact No. 1. During the last century, Earth was visited by three massive extraterrestrial objects: the Tunguska stony body (asteroid), the Sikhote-Alin iron meteoroid, and the Chelyabinsk bolide (meteorite).

Fact No. 2. Numerous traces of asteroid impacts exist on Earth in the form of astroblemes; approximately 200 impact craters have been officially confirmed. Wikipedia provides a list of impact craters with diameters exceeding 20 km. The largest of them has a diameter of about 300 km (the Vredefort crater).

Fact No. 3. Recently, a group of scientists demonstrated that the ancient Chicxulub structure on the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) is an impact crater (approximately 180 km in diameter), with an original depth of 17–20 km, formed by the impact of an asteroid 10–12 km in diameter. The impact energy is estimated at 5 × 10²³ joules, while the temperature at the epicenter reached several tens of thousands of degrees.

The impact vaporized soil and water, triggered an earthquake of magnitude 11–12, and generated destructive tsunamis hundreds of meters high upon reaching coastlines. The atmospheric shock wave and ensuing fires destroyed everything within a radius of hundreds of kilometers. Enormous quantities of coarse aerosol particles were injected into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight for several years. Acid rain followed, contaminating water and soil. Suppressed photosynthesis led to the mass extinction of plants, phytoplankton, and other microorganisms.

Consideration of these and other facts, including biblical eschatological prophecies and the account of the global Flood during the days of Noah, makes it possible to reconstruct a complex system of interconnected processes—the entire chain of events of a future and highly probable analogous cataclysm.

This article proposes a physical reconstruction of future events based on contemporary concepts of a global cosmic catastrophe. Certain elements of this reconstruction are based on the author's interpretation of prophetic texts and do not belong to generally accepted scientific models.

1. Space dust fall

A conceptual reconstruction of future developments as a synthesis of natural-scientific knowledge and prophecy appears as follows.

The intersection of Earth's orbit by these uninvited cosmic visitors will begin with the entry of cosmic dust into the atmosphere. In the author's opinion, the meteor trails (tracks) will appear to originate from the direction of the circumpolar constellation Cepheus in the northern celestial hemisphere.

At first, the smallest peripheral solid particles will enter the atmosphere, ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.001 mm and in mass from 10⁻⁶ g to 10⁻¹³ g. The possible initial velocity of meteors visiting our planet is 11–73 km/s, while the most probable velocity for large objects is 20–40 km/s.

As meteor bodies collide with gas molecules, they will rapidly heat up and then completely "burn up" at altitudes of 130–60 km above the Earth's surface. More precisely, they will undergo sublimation—instantaneous vaporization—with the exception of the smallest dust particles less than 4 microns in size (the so-called "micrometeorites"), which pass through the atmosphere with almost no loss of mass.

As a result of the sublimation of these cosmic bodies, meteor flashes will occur – narrow bright trails (tracks) of the 4th to 1st stellar magnitude, caused by the glow of the incandescent gases produced by the vaporizing particles. When the number of flashes exceeds 10,000 per hour, the radiant of the meteor stream will be clearly visible on a cloudless night (Fig. 1).

 This astronomical phenomenon is a small area of the sky – an apparent  "opening" from which, due to the effect of perspective, all visible meteor trails, or those mentally extended backward, seem to emerge, although in reality the meteors are traveling along parallel trajectories.

In ancient times, this unusual effect, caused by the Earth's encounter with the dust of long-active comets, was called a "starry rain," which was believed to portend various misfortunes, while the central region was referred to as an opening above one's head.

The origins of these beliefs can be traced to the words of Jesus Christ:
«and qthe stars will fall from heaven, and the powers (bodies) of the heavens will be shaken (set in motion). Then rwill appear in heaven sthe sign of the Son of Man, and then tall the tribes of the earth will mourn» (Matthew 24:29–30, ESV).

The Apostle John sees the same future sign as already fulfilled: «and lthe stars of the sky fell to the earth » (Revelation 6:13). One of the Old Testament prophets foresees that, on the day of God's wrath, «All the host of heaven shall rot away, and the skies roll up like a scroll. All their host (the stars) shall fall ...» (Isaiah 34:4, ESV).             

2. The fall of meteorites

       According to the modern physical theory of meteoroid-asteroid streams, the cosmic dust crossing Earth's orbit will, within a few days, be supplemented by meteoroid bodies ranging in size from 0.1 mm to 50 meters and in mass from fractions of a gram to thousands of tons. During their deceleration in the Earth's atmosphere, their surface temperature rises to approximately 3,000°C.

Small meteoroids traveling at velocities exceeding 25 km/s burn up completely. Others lose part of their mass (sometimes up to 90%) as a result of ablation—the removal of material from the surface by a flow of hot gas. As they decelerate, their trajectories gradually become nearly vertical, allowing them to reach the surface of our planet after having cooled; such surviving remnants are called meteorites.

A large meteor appearing as a fireball with a long, bright tail—brighter than 4th stellar magnitude—composed of incandescent gases and particles is called a bolide (from the Greek term meaning "throwing spear"; Fig. 2).

  Typically, a bolide does not reach the Earth's surface, disintegrating in the atmosphere and producing numerous small fragments that fall as a so-called "meteorite shower." Ancient peoples perceived bolides as fire-breathing, tailed dragons flying across the sky.

      In the Bible, these cosmic visitors are referred to as God's arrows  and spears, consuming fire, flame, chariots, great stars, and a torch,  while meteorites are described as fiery rain, hailstones of stone, glowing  coals, and burning sulfur.

For example, in one prophetic vision, the Apostle John saw that «a  great star fell from heaven,  blazing like a torch, and it fell on a  third of the rivers and on the  springs of water» (Revelation 8:10).

By the term "great star," the Apostle refers to a bolide burning like  a  torch, illuminating the landscape for hundreds of kilometers with a  bright, flickering light. This remarkably accurate comparison is not  accidental: a torch in the wind or in motion leaves behind a tail of smoke and sparks and emits a wavering light.

The visionary then relates something seemingly incredible: the cosmic wanderer (the "star") falls upon a surface of enormous extent. Yet this vision is also realistic, since a solid body with a mass of up to one ton generally breaks apart in the homosphere at altitudes between 80 km and 20 km.

Meteoroids disintegrate under the combined effects of aerodynamic pressure and internal thermal stresses caused by aerodynamic heating during atmospheric deceleration. Countless small fragments descend from the region of deceleration and are scattered over a vast area in the form of an ellipse.        

 3. Conceptual Reconstruction of an Impact Cataclysm

 Along with the phenomena described above, the Apostle John saw «something like a great mountain, burning with fire, was thrown into the sea» (Revelation 8:8).  

The great mountain burning with fire is referred to by the biblical prophet Jeremiah as a boiling pot: «And I said, ‘I see a boiling pot, facing away from the north. Then the LORD said to me, ‘Out of the north disaster shall be let loose upon all the inhabitants of the land» (Jeremiah 1:13–14).

Isaiah declares: «Smoke comes out of the north, and there is no straggler in his ranks» (Isaiah 14:31). The fall of a burning mountain-pot surrounded by a cloud of smoke will cause a Great Unprecedented Earthquake on all continents. Near the epicenter, the roar of the explosion may rupture eardrums, while its powerful rumble will be heard by people anywhere on the planet.

 It should be taken into account that massive cosmic bodies reach the Earth's surface with virtually no atmospheric deceleration. Therefore, during an impact, almost all of the asteroid's enormous kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy, as well as into the energy of a powerful light pulse, the motion of matter behind the shock-wave front, and a hot column of dust, vapor, and water (the so-called plume) ejected to altitudes of up to 100 km.

With high probability, a powerful hurricane will arise – or, more precisely, a theoretically possible hypercane – with wind speeds ranging from 500 to more than 800 km/h and covering an area comparable in size to North America. A continuous wall of flame associated with the supersonic shock wave, that is, a fiery vortex with an initial temperature of several hundred thousand degrees, will destroy everything within many hundreds of kilometers of the impact site.

Something similar was foreseen by Isaiah more than 2,700 years ago: «you will be visited by the LORD of hosts with (Masor," The Lord will be punished Tsevaota) thunder and with earthquake and great noise, with whirlwind (hurricane) and tempest, and the flame of a devouring fire» (Isaiah 29:6).

Indeed, during the active phase of cosmic bombardment, not only stone hail (meteorites) and flying spears (bolides) will fall upon water, ice, and land, but also very large objects – asteroids, or, in scientific terminology, planetoid bodies (known as "minor planets" prior to 2004).

The equivalent diameters of such unexpected cosmic visitors range from 50 m to 15 km and more; their masses range from several thousand tons to several trillion tons; and their velocities range from 70,000 to 140,000 km/h. During flight, the bow shock wave and the plume heat local regions of the Earth's homosphere to temperatures of several thousand degrees.

3. 1. Consequences of a collision with an asteroid

According to calculations, upon impact with either rock or water, pressure may reach 10⁹ bar, while the penetration depth may reach up to 30 km. The amount of energy instantaneously released within the impact zone is enormous – up to 5 × 10²⁴ J, or more than one billion megatons of TNT equivalent.

This is sufficient to completely vaporize the planetoid body and disrupt the continuity of geological formations, that is, the integrity of both the continental crust and the ocean floor. Consequently, such a collision would produce catastrophic consequences – both direct effects and, to an even greater extent, induced secondary effects.

These consequences would encompass all three classes of adverse and hazardous natural phenomena and processes: atmospheric, hydrospheric, and lithospheric. For example, the impact of a planetoid body would generate a gigantic fireball with temperatures at the epicenter reaching several tens of thousands of degrees.

The resulting thermal pulse could cause burns to the retina of the eyes as well as to exposed areas of the body at distances of hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter. As the fireball rises, ascends to altitudes of 10–100 km, and expands, it will draw enormous quantities of matter into the low-pressure zone beneath it, including gases, water, mineral dust, sand, rock fragments, and other materials.  
 
 As a result of the thermal explosion, a powerful shock wave will form – a narrow transition region (the so-called front) in which the density, pressure, and temperature of matter increase abruptly. According to modeling results, at the explosion site the shock pressure may reach 100 gigapascals (up to one million atmospheres), the temperature at the shock front may exceed 10,000°C, and the initial propagation velocity of the front may exceed the speed of sound severalfold. As the distance from the impact point increases, the magnitudes of these parameters decrease.

The propagation velocity eventually becomes comparable to the velocity of a bullet (350–1,200 m/s), while the temperature drops to approximately 400°C. However, even at distances of hundreds of kilometers from the impact crater, the movement of the shock front still exceeds the speed of sound in air (330 m/s). At very great distances, the supersonic wave degenerates into an ordinary sound wave, and its propagation velocity decreases, approaching the speed of sound in the surrounding medium.     

4. Reconstruction of the Arctic Impact Scenario

According to the eschatological vision of the Apostle John, only ten out of the 666 planetoid bodies will collide with the Earth – in its Northern Hemisphere, as inferred from an analysis of biblical prophecies.

According to the author's reconstruction model, one of the largest asteroids will fall between the Arctic Ocean (the Lincoln Sea) and the Atlantic Ocean (the Baffin Bay region). More precisely, it will strike between the northern coast of Greenland and Ellesmere Island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, within the Arctic mobile fold belt (geosynclinal belt).

The equivalent diameter of this asteroid will most likely be about 15 km, with an estimated mass of approximately 5 trillion tons, comparable to the mass of the entire Arctic ice cover (≈ 9,000 km³). Traveling at a velocity roughly 100 times greater than the speed of sound, it will descend almost vertically (at an angle of approximately 70°) onto the ice of the Kane Basin in the Nares Strait. According to the author's calculations, the impact point will be located at approximately 79.5° north latitude and 68° west longitude.

The most probable consequence will be intense movement of all lithospheric plates, while the ice of the Arctic Ocean, fracturing and collapsing, will apparently shift toward Canada and Greenland, whereas the Antarctic ice sheets will move toward Australia.

In light of current concepts regarding the scale of a cosmic catastrophe, the asteroid's kinetic energy may be estimated at 3 × 10²⁴ J, equivalent to nearly one billion megatons of trinitrotoluene (TNT) upon detonation.

The impact and resulting thermal explosion will create a crater whose initial dept h– the so-called transient cavity – will be approximately 30 km, while its final diameter will exceed 200 km. The velocity of ice and ground movement, even at great distances from the epicenter, may reach several tens of meters per second.

4.1. Hydrospheric Transformations

As a result of this planetary-scale catastrophe, a large fragment of the Greenland tectonic plate may separate from the North American Platform in the region of the Canadian Shield isthmus.

Propelled by the returning compressional shock wave around the center of mass (the "axis of rotation"), this fragment would be displaced across the asthenosphere into the Greenland Sea by a distance of up to 100 meters. The northern margins of Greenland and Ellesmere Island would be completely devastated and subsequently buried beneath seawater and the fragmented ice of the Arctic Ocean.

It is likely that the seafloor in the region of the Faroe–Iceland Ridge and the Thompson–Wyville Thomson Ridge would be uplifted, resulting in a reconfiguration of the warm ocean-current system north of Great Britain and Scandinavia, as well as throughout the northern Atlantic Ocean in general.

The island of Iceland would suffer severe damage from tsunamis and volcanic activity and, over time, would become covered by a thick ice sheet, similar to Greenland and almost the entire territory of Canada. According to this conceptual reconstruction, these regions would come to lie within a new Arctic Circle.

5. Global  Catastrophe

For example, according to the author's hypothesis, the "detached" Greenland fragment of the North American Plate would collide with the northeastern margin of the Eurasian Plate, causing deformation within the boundary zone: crustal destruction, fragmentation, and the subsidence of crustal sections into the mantle. In turn, the Eurasian lithospheric block would push against the African, Arabian, and Indian tectonic blocks. The North American Platform would advance across the asthenosphere toward the Caribbean, South American, Pacific, and Cocos plates.

The South American crustal block would, in turn, be thrust over the Scotia Plate, which itself would be compressed against the Antarctic Plate. The most severe tectonic destruction would likely affect the smaller plates: the Caribbean, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, and Sunda plates, as well as many smaller tectonic units, including microplates such as the Anatolian, Panama, and Timor microplates, together with the coherent tectonic blocks of the Molucca Sea region.

On the floors of the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans, new mid-ocean submarine ridges, fold mountains, and deep-sea trenches would most likely form. Islands would emerge in the Caribbean Sea, the Java Sea, the South China Sea, and the Drake Passage. Some areas of the ocean floor and continental landmasses would subside, particularly within spreading zones and regions affected by major earthquakes.

As a result of this extraordinarily powerful impact, «the earth will be shaken out of its place» (Isaiah 13:13), and therefore «every mountain and island was removed from its place» (Revelation 6:14), as the Apostle John foresaw.

In modern scientific terms, the impact would impart an additional angular momentum to the Earth – that is, momentum relative to its rotational axis, or additional kinetic, rotational, or orbital momentum. This is a physical quantity determined by a body's angular velocity, its mass, and the distribution of that mass in space.

5.1. Polar Drift and Astronomical Changes

The increase in the Earth's rotational momentum resulting from the loss of its equilibrium would slightly alter several of its parameters: its orbital velocity, its rotational velocity about its own (conventional) axis, and the eccentricity of its orbit.

However, owing to the Earth's large axial moment of inertia, the angle between its rotational axis and the perpendicular to the orbital plane (slightly more than 23°) would, according to the author's modeling, remain virtually unchanged. Nevertheless, the positions of both the North and South geographic and magnetic poles would gradually shift as a consequence of the redistribution of rock masses within the planet and ice masses on its surface.

During the restoration of stable rotational equilibrium following the impact, the North Pole, according to the author's hypothesis, would eventually come to be located in Baffin Bay. It would shift by approximately 1,600 km to a point near 75° north latitude and 68° west longitude, while the South Pole would move into East Antarctica (approximately 75° south latitude and 112° east longitude).

As a result, the equatorial line would also assume a new position: in the Western Hemisphere it would gradually shift by approximately 15° along the 68th meridian and pass through the territory of Bolivia, while in the Eastern Hemisphere it would cross Vietnam. As a consequence, the appearance of the celestial sphere would change due to precession – that is, a change in the direction of the Earth's (notional) rotational axis in space.

Precession and nutation (axial wobbling) occur under the influence of the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, as well as through the redistribution of masses within and upon the Earth's surface. For this reason, the orientation of the Earth's axis toward a particular star traces out a precessional circle over a period of approximately 25,765 years (corresponding to a rate of about 1° every 71.6 years). Accordingly, the appearance of the night sky changes as well, albeit very slowly.

In this case, however, as a consequence of an extraordinarily powerful impact from space, the direction of the Earth's axis relative to Polaris would begin shifting toward the constellation Cepheus not over the usual period of approximately 2,000 years, but much more rapidly (indeed, the North Pole is currently moving in that general direction).

Ultimately, all celestial objects visible in the night sky would assume new positions, including a displacement of approximately 30° within the zodiacal belt. At the same time, it is important to note that the inclination of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of the ecliptic would remain unchanged (approximately 66.5°).

The author's reconstruction indicates that the constellation Pisces would gradually move into the position currently occupied by Aries. Consequently, the Sun would rise against the background of Pisces not in March–April (currently from March 11 to April 18), but in April–May, as it now does in Aries (from April 18 to May 13). The vernal equinox point would slowly shift into the constellation Aquarius, while the autumnal equinox point would move into Leo. Naturally, the apparent trajectories of the planets of the Solar System across the night sky would also change.

On the basis of the foregoing facts, modeling, and calculations, the following preliminary conclusion may reasonably be drawn: a collision with a massive asteroid would result in large-scale deformation of the Earth's crust, collisions between lithospheric plates, and both horizontal and vertical mass displacements within the upper mantle. This would trigger the release of trillions of tons of steam, boiling water, and mineral material into the atmosphere. Within a radius of hundreds of kilometers around the center of the thermal explosion, not only would ice undergo sublimation, melting, or destruction, but sedimentary and crystalline rocks would likewise be transformed.

6. Results  of  Asteroid  Impacts

If one of the planetoid bodies – for example, one with a diameter of 2 km – were to strike land, the zone of total destruction would extend for approximately 500 km. An area of about 4 million km² would be affected by earthquakes, hurricane-force winds, and flooding. Within a region measuring roughly 800 × 800 km, wind speeds would exceed 500 km/h, while the zone of continuous fires would cover an area of approximately 200 × 200 km (Fig. 3). A powerful electromagnetic pulse would disable all operating electronic equipment and communication systems.

 Thousands of cubic kilometers of material would be ejected into the atmosphere – approximately ten times the mass of the asteroid itself, or about 100,000 tons of ejecta for every megaton of TNT equivalent released by the thermal explosion. Subsequently, incandescent fragments of rock, stones, sand, ash, and dust would partially return to the Earth's surface.   

The impact of a minor planet with a diameter of 10 km would create a lake of boiling lava hundreds of kilometers across. Up to 10,000 km³ of material would be ejected, including between 300 and 2,000 billion tons of fine-grained dust (equivalent to approximately 0.6–4 kg per square meter of surface area).

The moment magnitude of the resulting earthquake would reach 11–12 on the Kanamori scale, while the temperature of the upper atmosphere would rise by tens or even hundreds of degrees. "Stellar wounds" would form on the Earth's surface, with diameters of up to 200 km and depths of approximately 10 km – measured as the distance between the crater rim and the breccia surface formed at its base. The initial depth of an astrobleme produced by a 10-km asteroid would exceed 20 km.

The Apostle John refers to this immense shaft created by a star falling from heaven as «the shaft of the bottomless pit» (Revelation 9:1–2). The New Testament visionary perceives the column of hot impact gases, water vapor, soot, fine mineral dust, and sand (the so-called plume) rising into the atmosphere as smoke ascending from the pit, «like the smoke of a great furnace» (Revelation 9:2). The enormous quantities of ash, soot, dust, and other coarse particulate matter, slowly settling over a period of years, would darken the sky and dim the sun. 

For example, if the energy released by an impact were as little as 10,000 megatons of TNT equivalent, the flux of solar energy reaching the ground within the affected region would be reduced by a factor of 400, while only partial atmospheric self-cleansing would occur after many months. The sharp reduction in incoming solar radiation caused by a heavily dust-laden atmosphere enriched with sulfate aerosols would result in substantial cooling.

Air temperatures over some continents would fall to −50°C or lower. At the same time, a global multi-year "asteroid winter" and complete glaciation of the planet would not occur, owing to the greenhouse effect. This effect would be produced by water vapor injected into the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases and aerosols.

Through the re-emission of infrared radiation, these atmospheric constituents would reduce heat loss to space and thereby increase air temperatures. A severe drought would follow, as foretold by Zechariah, Joel, and Isaiah. The process of photosynthesis would be interrupted for at least a year; fields would produce immature grain, and fruit trees would fail to set fruit, as described in the prophecies of Hosea, Habakkuk, and Joel.

The ecosystems of the World Ocean would undergo profound changes, including major alterations in the circulation of ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, the currents of the Arctic Ocean, and those surrounding Antarctica.
          
      The Earth's magnetic field, orbital parameters, and rotational speed will undergo minor changes, however, the latter will affect the length of the day, month, and year. The positions of the poles and the orientation of the Earth's rotational axis in space would change. Several cosmic wanderers will likely be captured by the Earth's gravitational field, and, in addition to the Moon, other satellites visible in the night sky would appear.        

6.1. Planetary-Scale Earthquake

  Another catastrophic consequence of the impact from space will be a geophysical natural disaster – a global earthquake (Fig. 4).

Through the Old Testament prophet, the Lord warns: «I will shake the heavens and the earth and the sea and the dry land» (Haggai 2:6). The same event is foreseen by Isaiah, Ezekiel, and John.

The Apostle envisions it as follows: «and a great earthquake such as there had never been since man was on the earth, so great was that earthquake» (Revelation 16:18).

For example, such a "great" earthquake with a moment magnitude of 11 would be approximately 50,000 times more powerful than the strongest seismic event ever recorded in human history.

A future megathrust event of this magnitude would inevitably trigger landslides, crustal failure, and the subsidence of lithospheric plates into the asthenosphere within zones of subduction, obduction, and spreading along divergent boundaries.

The American continents would be shaken: North America—from Grant Land to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and from California to Newfoundland Island; and all of South America—from the Lesser Antilles to the Drake Passage.

Severe shaking would affect Canada, particularly the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as well as Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and other islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern Atlantic. Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia would likewise experience powerful seismic disturbances.

According to the results of the author's modeling, the strongest earthquakes would occur along lithospheric plate boundaries, particularly along the California transform faults, the East African Rift System, the subduction zones of Indonesia, Japan, and South America, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

As a result of the global shaking and the local earthquakes it would trigger, the regions and countries most severely affected would be those situated along the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire and within the fault zones of the Alpine–Himalayan mobile belt:

Japan and the Kuril Islands; Indonesia; the Philippines; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; New Zealand; Vietnam; the Kamchatka Peninsula; Sakhalin Island; Alaska; the United States; Mexico; the countries of Central America; Cuba; Colombia; Venezuela; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia; Chile; Argentina; China; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Bhutan; Myanmar; Turkey (especially the Anatolian Peninsula); Syria; Iran; Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; Armenia; Georgia; Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Italy; Austria; Switzerland; France; Germany; Portugal; Spain; Slovenia; Romania; Serbia; the other Balkan countries; Slovakia; and Ukraine (particularly the Carpathian region and Crimea).

Calculations indicate that the energy released by such impacts from space would be equivalent to the detonation of between 100,000 and 100 million atomic bombs with yields of one megaton each. The seismic energy released by the explosion of a single one-megaton bomb is approximately equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 on the Richter scale. This unprecedented seismic shock would greatly exceed all earthquake magnitudes ever observed on that scale.

For this reason, the impact is more appropriately evaluated using the Kanamori moment magnitude scale, which is based on the concept of seismic moment. In this case, the moment magnitude would be no less than 11, comparable to estimates associated with the formation of the Chicxulub crater.

Another important characteristic is the intensity of ground shaking produced by long-period surface L-waves, which would reach the maximum value of XII on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98).

The mega-impact would result in large-scale deformation of the Earth's crust, the formation of extensive lithospheric fracture zones, continental-scale mass displacements, intense horizontal movement, strike-slip displacement, thrusting, normal and reverse faulting of lithospheric plates, all of which would slide across the asthenosphere – the partially molten layer of the upper mantle located beneath the Mohorovičić discontinuity.

4.2. Megatsunami

       According to John's vision, large asteroids fall not only on land but also the world's oceans, causing a catastrophe even greater proportions. Since a large asteroid collision with the water surface will allow it to penetrate deeper into the hydrosphere, as compared with the geosphere (due to lower density of water).

      Therefore, when hitting the bottom, the destruction will occur at great depth, due to the explosive growth of pressure (up to several GPa) and temperature (hundreds of thousands of degrees). In the atmosphere would be thrown away thousands of cubic kilometers: from the bottom of rocks, water, steam. The water will evaporate in a region of diameter 100 - 500 km; die every living at a distance of hundreds or thousands of kilometers from the epicenter (due to the hydrodynamic shock waves and high water temperature).

      Specifically, such a fall and large-scale asteroid impacts sees John: "as though a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea ... and was the third part of the living creatures in the sea, and a third of the ships were destroyed."
       
Clash of the mountain burned with fire with the water surface will necessarily lead to the Sea hydrological extreme event-splash to a height of 4,000 m (from an asteroid with a diameter 1 km). On the high seas (oceans), with speeds of up to 1,000 miles per hour, will disperse the gravitational waves (tsunami), height 20 - 40 m in length, probably between 150 and 300 km (as in submarine earthquakes).

      In the shallow shelf velocity megatsunami because inhibition starts to fall, and height - to grow. Then, on the coast would affect the wave height from 300 to 1,000 meters, moving into the continent with a speed of 50 km per hour, sweeping away everything in its path many kilometers, cutting through the earth flows (Fig. 4).

     According to geophysicist, a giant wave, caused by falling into the North Atlantic asteroid with a diameter of 5 km, will cover almost all of Europe. The same fate awaits the east coast of the United States, and if the outer body of this size fall into the Pacific Ocean - the west coast, especially its northern part, next to which is the boundary of contact between two tectonic plates. The greatest loss of life, according to computer simulations, are expected as China, Indonesia, India, Japan.

    However, several megatsunami caused by falling asteroids in the sea or on land, it is not the end of a natural disaster hydrospheric. Triggered by underwater earthquakes (with magnitude over 6), surface large landslides (eg, the western slope of the volcano Cumbre Vieja in the Canary Islands) and underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions of underwater volcanoes, tectonic deformation (breaks) the ocean floor, and local variations in atmospheric pressure will cause a lot of the tsunami (in all major water bodies), which will lay almost the entire planet.

4.3. Boiling and burning of the oceans

       Powerful thermal explosions of large cosmic bodies that have fallen into the oceans, as well as numerous eruptions of underwater volcanoes will form the reasons boil sea water in their respective foci (diameter up to 500 km) and its intense heat outside the immediate areas of impact damage or volcanic activity.

     In addition, the tectonic deformation of the ocean floor, namely seysmorazryvy (up to 1,000 km) will lead to water penetration to the Earth's mantle (its temperature is about 2,500 °C). The water heats up and, surfacing, boil because of reduced pressure.

     By these reasons, there will be considerable rise in temperature of the oceans and seas. But the temperature increase near-bottom seawater, even a few degrees will cause a landslide irreversible decomposition of hydrates frozen soil of the ocean floor.

    Freed up huge amounts of gases (mostly methane and hydrogen sulfide), the world reserves of which (hydrates) are estimated at (0.1 - 2) x 10 ^ 16 m3. These gases, samookislyayas will burn on the surface of the oceans and seas:

     1) in the foci of asteroid strikes and volcanic eruptions;
     2) along the tectonic seysmorazryvov;
     3) in the field of large earthquakes and landslides, raising the deposits of gas hydrates in the warmer bottom layers of sea water.

       Does anything in the Bible about such striking an incredible phenomenon of boiling and burning of the hydrosphere? indicate whether the cause of these amazing unique event?

      Yes, for example, already mentioned Leviathan of Job, "boils the abyss (sea depths) as a boiler, and the sea, translates (converts) to the boiling cream" (or rather, "the boiling broth).

      Moreover, the leviathan of Job has another striking property: "reserves the glowing path (obviously, the burning gas over long seysmorazryvami bottom) the deep (ie oceans) seems to be white hair (now translated," white with foam ")".

      Also, the prophet Amos was open vision of evaporation fire a huge amount of sea water: "Behold the Lord God made ​​(called) to contend by fire - and he devoured (burned), the great deep ...". In fact, as a result of cosmic catastrophe, oceans to evaporate, but its level is significantly lowered (by a few meters away!).

4.4. Volcanic eruptions

         Moving lithospheric plates, caused by seismic shocks in a collision with our planet's largest asteroid, would lead to extreme geophysical events. Not only in widespread earthquakes, but after a few hours, wake up thousands of dormant volcanoes (there are about 3 500) and supervolcanoes (about 15) located along the boundaries of 7-and large tectonic plate and the 12-and small.

      Probably, the vision of one of these major volcanic eruptions, after the fall of the "stars" from the sky, was discovered John the Theologian. He argues that by "Fire", "Smoke" and "sulfur" die in three (!) Inhabitants of the earth.

        Indeed, the clouds zoomorphic, anthropomorphic locusts, described by John, very similar to the products of volcanic emissions (Fig. 5). They consist of hot gases (sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs) that are thrown to the side or, more rarely, up, and then dumped at the foot of the mountain.

       Edge of scorching volcanic clouds (the so-called pyroclastic flows or avalanches with a temperature of 1,000 - 1,500 °C), moving at speeds up to 120 km per hour, burn all around the volcano at a distance of tens or hundreds of kilometers. People really do not die from the lava, but from the "Fire" (Burns), "Smoke" (choking dust and gas) and sulfur (sulfur-containing poison gases).

      Part of the sulfur oxides contained in the emissions of volcanic gases, are oxidized in air and oxygen, interacting with water vapor to form sulfuric acid, which, together with water drops, rain poured on the ground. 

      Volcanic ash that is emitted to a height of 20 - 40 km drastically reduces the transparency of the atmosphere, causing a decrease in air temperature. Then, due to coagulation, increasing the mass of aerosol particles and they fall to the ground, covering it with a layer thickness of several meters. So, after the eruption of Katmai in Alaska in 1912, and the thickness of the tephra was 3 meters at a distance of 160 km from the crater.

4.5. Explosions supervolcanoes

        Heavy Duty supervolcanoes (a total of 47, but only about 15 are not sleeping), which does not erupt and explode, in this case, triggered by seismic shocks from the asteroid, pose a particular danger. For example, after an explosion at a super-volcano Toba. Sumatra, the sun was closed by dust within 6 months, and the local air temperature decreased to 11°С. 

       On the amount of emitted energy supervolcanoes thousands of times higher than the most powerful volcanic eruptions or explosions of conventional (10 ^ 19 - 10 ^ 20 J), such as Tambora (Fr. Sumbar in Indonesia, 1815) and Krakatoa (between about. Java and. Sumatra, 1883). The largest supervolcano in Yellowstone Park (USA). Its huge caldera (basin, approximately 80 x 50 km) can only be viewed from an airplane or take pictures from space.

       An earthquake-explosion of the super-will be felt everywhere, causing the eruption of a large number (usually dormant) volcanoes, in particular, the ocean, generating powerful destructive tsunami.

       Supervolcanoes threaten the lives of the vast territory (eg, Yellowstone - all over the U.S. West Coast). Moreover, not only at a few of the monstrous power of explosions, a global earthquake, the movement of lava and pyroclastic flows high, containing hydrogen sulfide, but also a long time after the accident.

      After a supervolcano can throw into the atmosphere (at altitudes of 30-40 km and more) up to 2,500 cubic kilometers (!) Of the substance. For comparison, Tambora volcano threw about 150 km 3 at 20 km (killing about 100,000 people), Krakatau - 20 km3 at a height of 30 km (36,000 dead).
These emissions contain up to 100 km3 smallest glassy dust that for many months hanging in the air. Such dust from acute solid micro-and nanoparticles, getting into the lungs and circulatory system, human or animal, leads to severe illness and death.

      After the explosions, supervolcanoes, a vast area of acid rain will destroy vegetation and thick ash falls zasyplyut ground with a thick layer of pumice, ground into dust, for many months darkened light from the sun, a few years of cooling will reign on earth. For example, the explosions of the volcano Yellowstone (may last several days), according to scientists, zasyplyut U.S. territory a layer of dispersed particles of a thickness of about 1 meter, and will reduce the temperature of the troposphere, on average, a 21 oz. Ts and the deaths of more than 2 billion people.

4.6. Fires

      Massive cosmic collision of bodies with the Earth, volcanic eruptions, explosions supervolcanoes cause extensive large-scale fires, which for a few days will cover almost the entire planet. Just like in the prophecy of Zephaniah: "For the fire of jealousy (resentment) My devoured (destroyed) will be the whole earth."

      The prophet Malachi calls this time "a day, burning like an oven." Giant wave emitted into the atmosphere millions of tons of soot, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides. The latter are oxidized by oxygen, and interacting with water vapor and hydroxyl radicals, to form pairs of nitric acid, which condenses, and rain will fall to the ground.

       Joel also spoke about the great and terrible day of Jehovah, and numerous his host. "Before him devouring fire, followed by firing the flame in front of him the land as a garden of Eden, and behind it a desolate wilderness, and no one will escape from him."

      That is why John the Evangelist sees after falling from the sky censers filled with fire, burned all the grass and the third part of trees. Joel also foresaw how the Lord's day, in his country, a fire destroyed the pastures and consume all the trees in the field.

      However, according to the Bible, the blaze will not just grass and trees, but even that ... can not burn! For example, Isaiah predicts these fires, from which light up the river and the land itself. "And the river will turn it into a tar and dust (dust) in its sulfur, and the land thereof shall become burning pitch (gray), and the mountains will burn like a bush.

       It will happen, including due to the fiery atmospheric vortices (tornadoes, tornado) with a diameter of 1-3 km to several tens of kilometers, the rate of displacement of 30-70 km / h and a height of 3 km to 10 km (the height of the continuous sea of fire 50 meters or more). They occur in fires in areas with high concentrations of combustible materials (including the liberated methane, hydrogen sulphide, natural gas), the explosions supervolcanoes, specific eruptions ordinary volcanoes.

       Because of the high temperature firestorm (up to 800 gr. Ts), burn anything that can burn inside the vortex, or absorbed into it; melt aluminum construction, and steel will become plastic and deform. At a speed exceeding 70 km / h, vertical fire whirl into a firestorm, that is, slanted or horizontal edge of fire, smoke and hot gases moving in the direction of the wind speeds up to 200 km / h .

       The prophet Amos saw the firestorm burned and the great deep (sea depths), "devoured (burned) and part of the earth."
In the New Testament about the eschatological fire, parables, Jesus Christ said. "Therefore, just as collect (pull) the tares (weeds) and burned in the fire, so be at the end the century (end of the world) this world" (Matthew).

        His disciple and apostle Peter says: from the destroyed space bodies will burn all the land, together with everything on it. "There will come the same day of the Lord as a thief (thief) at night, and then the heavens with noise (rumble) will pass away (go away), and the elements same (Celestial Bodies), flushed, the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned "

4.7. Hurricanes and whirlwinds

         Widespread fires will move rapidly in the roar and rumble, spurred by hurricanes of unprecedented destructive power, and wind speed (from 120 to 500 kilometers per hour). The Hurricanes (typhoons), storm (wind speed 60-100 km / hour) and tornadoes (speed up 1,300 km / h) arise due to rain and tropical cyclones (low pressure area in the atmosphere), especially central.

       Cyclones will form over the oceans due to formation of large areas with very high   temperature of the water surface, over which rise the huge mass of hot humid air, rotating in a spiral (Fig. 6, left, in the corner).

      These local zones with a diameter of 3,000 km to 10,000 km, occur in areas falling asteroids, tectonic faults on the ocean floor and the existing undersea volcanoes in the field of combustion of methane and hydrogen sulfide.

      The main source of kinetic energy of hurricanes will be the latent heat of condensation avalanche of supercooled water vapor moist air rising into the upper (cold) atmosphere. Accordingly, there will be a sharp decrease in local pressure, causing extensive powerful upward (warm) and descending (cold) air flows.

        In one of the psalms of Asaph prophesying about since the last time. "Cometh our God and not keep silence: before him, a devouring fire, and around a big storm." In another psalm, David points to the cause of the fire devouring and scorching wind - the rain of meteoroids, referred to as "burning coals, fire and brimstone."

      Describing the visit Lord of the earth, the prophet Isaiah speaks of thunder, an earthquake, the flame of devouring fire, and the whirlwind and storm, which also predict that Jeremiah and Nahum.

      With such a strong wind, like a whirlwind, tornado, tornadoes, the air mass moved not only steadily (at a speed of 20-60 km / hour, in some cases, up to 200 km / h), but revolve around a kind of invisible line.
Funnel (trunk) of the vortex (Fig. 6, center) in diameter in the lower section (ie above ground) up to several kilometers, consists of a 2-laminar flows. Internal, rising upwards at a speed of 300 km per hour, and external (air, water, hail, sand, stones, rubble, etc.), rotating in a spiral with a speed of 100 -600 km / h (according to some estimates, up to 1,300 km / h for the highest category tornado F 5).

      Vertical normal and fire whirlwinds will cover a smaller area than hurricanes or storms, however, produce more horrific destruction. After all, even the average energy of even a tornado (rotation speed 250 km / h, the diameter of the trunk 2 km) is comparable with the energy that is released during the explosion of an atomic bomb reference.

4.8. The disappearance of the sky

       The Bible predicts not only the meteorological extreme events of the day of the Lord, as severe storms, tornadoes, squall lines and vertical eddies, but something incredible, namely, the disappearance of the sky!

      For example, Isaiah says: "And istleet (melt), all the heavenly host (stars), and the heavens rolled together as a scroll: and all the host (stars) they will fall ...".

      But John sees this event, as already come true. "And the stars of heaven fell to the ground ... and the heaven svivshis (modern translation," split and curdled ") as a scroll." Same predicts Peter: "the heavens with noise (rumble) will pass away (go away)." But would such a principle, perhaps? is not there a mistake?

      In order to properly answer these questions, let us note the following. All three prophecies about the disappearance of the heavens, by their collapse, associated with the fall of the "stars" (Isaiah, John), ie meteors, or "the destruction of the Elements (Peter), ie Destruction and decline of large celestial bodies.

      Such a fall of a massive celestial body in the oceans will lead to the formation of a global vortex, hitting all the nations. It warns about the prophet Jeremiah: "Behold, evil shall go forth from nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall be raised up from the edges of the earth ... Here, furious whirlwind (modern translation," tornado ") comes from the Lord."

      This tornado will roll heaven, like a scroll. After such a vortex sky "pass away", as it disappears familiar blue color, caused by molecular scattering short (0,38 - 0,52 m) of the spectrum of sunlight.

       Now, the sky turns red because of the aerosol light scattering by particles (ash, impact, sulfur and nitrogen-oxygen-hydrogen compounds) submicron fraction, larger than the size of condensations of gas molecules, but smaller than the incident red light (0.76 microns).
Due to changes in the optical properties of the Earth's atmosphere, with red and will look any cosmic bodies: the moon and sun in the vision of Isaiah, the moon, the big dragon in the sky and scarlet beast in John's vision.

4.9. Flooding

       The eruption of thousands of underwater and surface volcanic explosions supervolcanoes, falling asteroids in the oceans, evaporation and boiling seawater entrainment of water by powerful eddies moisture strongly heated the atmosphere has increased more than 100 times.

      Therefore, when the Earth's atmosphere begins to cool by radiation of heat into space, will increase the relative humidity (to a dew point), there will be condensation (condensation) of water vapor and begin widespread continuous hot acid rain (ph> 1,5) the color of blood.

      Hot - because of high condensation temperature (about 50oC), the red - because of the resulting iron oxides, which is located in meteorites in the free state; acidic - due mainly sulfur and nitrogen oxides. They serve as sources: volcanic emissions, combustion of hydrogen sulfide, explosions in the fall of meteoroids, and fires.

      Part of the oxides react with water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids, which hit land hamper (with the dust of the atmosphere) fotositeza process and lead to damage to the respiratory systems of organisms, poisoning the drinking water, poor soil fertility.

     According to biblical history, the global potoplyayuschy all the rain and in pitch darkness, will last probably 40 days (!), Ie as long as it will cool the atmosphere. Such a long duration of rain due to the continuous condensation accompanying decrease in atmospheric temperature. Because, in spite of the constant reduction of the moisture content of air, all this time he will be able to fully saturated with water vapor.

      That is why the prophet Ezekiel, describing the last days of the court, along with hailstones, fire, gray mentions "vsepotoplyayuschy rain." Isaiah speaks of the flood gate that will open up in the sky, when the foundations of the earth shake. Vsepotoplyayuschy rain he calls a "flood" (in present-day. Translation, "great rain"), listing the other cars of the Lord: intense anger, flames devouring fire, storm, hailstones.
John the Evangelist is a hydrological extreme event (flood) sees as a stream of blood-red water height of about 1,5 m, a length of approximately 300 km.

       Mnogosutochny rain will further increase the water level, which remains in many places, after the invasion megatsunami, unprecedented in intensity and volume of water, inundating the land. Therefore, Jesus Christ, warning about the last days, compares the global flood in time of Noah. "And as it was in the days of Noah, so will the days of the Son of man ... the flood came and destroyed them all" (Luke).